Primitive Tribes of Orissa and Their Development Strategies
Tribal people living in the remote areas of the territory forms an indispensable part of the Indian population. More than 250 different tribal groups inhabit in India, of which 62 tribal groups live in Orissa, each varying in culture, language, economic life and level of literacy. The thirteen tribal groups, namely Birhor, Bondo, Didayi, Dongria-Khond, Juangs, Kharias, Kutia Khond, Lanjia Saoras, Lodhas, Mankidias, Paudi Bhuinyas, Soura and Chuktia Bhunjia, having pre-agricultural level of technology and extermely low level of literacy have been recognized as `Primitive Tribes` of Orissa. These tribal groups remain confined to their own small world and a probe into its history clearly shows that after a few generations the past turns into mythology. It was realized only after the Independence that to have a well-developed and prosperous nation, the needs and problems of the tribals were to be addressed and their welfare to be taken care thereof.
The book presents an in-depth study of the various measures and provisions adopted, schemes introduced and plans implemented, sence the Fifth Five-Year Plan, to redress the problems of the tribals; and apprises the readers about the on-going attempts in bringing them to the national mainstream through the 13 Micro Projects. Besides, the book presents an extensive detail of the ethnographic features of the entire Primitive Tribes with particular reference to their economic activities, social sanctions and varied problems faced by them. The realistic description of their pathetic life, deprived of all modern facilities, is highly touching and makes one wonder, do such people really exist in the 21st Century?
The book will universally appeal to all readers and is highly recommended for the scholars of sociology and anthropology in particular.
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Contents :
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables and Maps
List of Visuals
Map Introduction
part I
Primitive Tribes of Orissa
1. Genral Account of Tribes of Orissa
Physical Setting and Distribution
The Northen Plateau
The Central Table land
The Eastern Ghat Region
Northen Section - Central Section - Rayagada Section
- 3000 ft platueau - 2000 ft plateau - 1000 ft plateau
- The Coastal Region - South-Western Section
Racial Affinity and Linguistic Characteristics
Economic Life
Hunter-Gatherer
Pastoral
Shifting Cultivation
settled Farmers
Social Organization
Family
Dormitory Organization
Moiety and Phratry
Lineage
Village
Marriage
Position of women
Property
Political Organization
Religion and Magic
Art, Dance and Music
2. A Short Ethnographic Account of Different Primitive Tribes of Orissa
The Birhor (Mankidi/Mankirdia)
Introduction Material Culture
Economic Life
Social Organization and Social Control
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religious Beliefs and Practices
Strategy for Development
The Bhunjia (Chuktia)
Setting
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religion and Magic
The Bondo
Setting Material Culture
Settlement Pattern - Houses - Dress
Economic Life
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religious Beliefs and Practices
Development and Change
The Didayi
Setting and Settlement
Settlement Pattern and House Types
Settlement Pattern - House Types - Dress
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Religion and Magic
The Dongria Khond
The Setting and Settlements
Village
House
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religion and Magic
The Juang
Setting and Settlements
Settlement Pattern and House Types
House
Economic Life
Swidden cultivation
Wetland farming
Social Organization
Youth Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religion and Magic
Development and Change
The Hill Kharia
Setting
Kharia Village
House Types
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle and Rituals
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religion
The Dutia Khond
Setting Kutia Villages and Houses
Dress
Economic Life
Social Organization
Family - Clan
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Political Organization
Dance and Music
Religious Beliefs and Practices
The Lodha
Setting Settlement and Houses
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Religion
The Paudi Bhuinya
Setting Settlement Pattern
Bhuinya hut
Household Appliances, Dress and Ornaments
Food
Life-Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Social Organization
Family - Lineage - Youth Organization
Political Organization
Padhan - Dehuri - Dakua - Member
Economic Life
Agriculture - Hunting and Food Gathering - Animal
Husbandry - Other Sources of Income
Religious Universe
Bhuinya Pantheon
High Deities - Suprem Ancestors - Village
Deity - Other Deities in the Sacred Grove -
Baitarani Pat - Khandiandi - Kumbhanali - Chuapani
Rituals and Festivals
The Saora (Lanjia Saora)
Habitat
The Village
Economic Life
Social Organization
Political Organization
Religious Beliefs and Practices
Saora Icons
Details of some types of Icons
Icons Designed to Promote or Preserve - The Firtility of the Crops - Icons Dedicated to God to Avert Disease - Icons Made to Assist Child Birth - Icons which Represent Shrines and Hills - Icon made in Honour of Tutelars - Icons Made in Honour of the Dead
Life Cycle
Birth - Marriage - Death
Part
Tribal Development
3. Strategies of Tribal Development in Retrospect
Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)
Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs)
Modified Area Development Approach
(MADA) Pockets
Clusters
Primitive Tribes and Micro Projects
4. Developmental Stategies for Primitive Tribes
Central Place Theory and Planning for Tribal Development
5. Conclusion and Agenda for Future Action
Saora Development Agency
The Impact
The Problems and Shortcomings
Juang Development Agency
The Impact
The Problems and Shortcomings
Agenda for Future Action
Visuals Glossary
General Bibliography
Index |
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