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The Global Community and The Need for Universal Responsibility
His Holiness the Dalai Lama < Back to Dalai Lama Index

The global community

As the twentieth century draws to a close, we find that the world has grown smaller and the world's people have become almost one community. Political and military alliances have created large multinational groups, industry and international trade have produced a global economy, and worldwide communications are eliminating ancient barriers of distance, language and race. We are also being drawn together by the grave problems we face: overpopulation, dwindling natural resources, and an environmental crisis that threatens our air, water, and trees, along with the vast number of beautiful life forms that are the very foundation of existence on this small planet we share.

I believe that to meet the challenge of our times, human beings will have to develop a greater sense of universal responsibility. Each of us must learn to work not just for his or her own self, family or nation, but for the benefit of all mankind. Universal responsibility is the real key to human survival. It is the best foundation for world peace, the equitable use of natural resources, and through concern for future generations, the proper care of the environment.

For some time, I have been thinking about how to increase our sense of mutual responsibility and the altruistic motive from which it derives. Briefly, I would like to offer my thoughts.

One human family

Whether we like it or not, we have all been born on this earth as part of one great human family. Rich or poor, educated or uneducated, belonging to one nation or another, to one religion or another, adhering to this ideology or that, ultimately each of us is just a human being like everyone else: we all desire happiness and do not want suffering. Furthermore, each of us has an equal right to pursue these goals. Today's world requires that we accept the oneness of humanity. In the past, isolated communities could afford to think of one another as fundamentally separate and even existed in total isolation. Nowadays, however, events in one part of the world eventually affect the entire planet. Therefore we have to treat each major local problem as a global concern from the moment it begins. We can no longer invoke the national, racial or ideological barriers that separate us without destructive repercussions. In the context of our new interdependence, considering the interests of others is clearly the best form of self-interest.

I view this fact as a source of hope The necessity for cooperation can only strengthen mankind, because it helps us recognize that the most secure foundation for the new world order is not simply broader political and economic alliances, but rather each individual's genuine practice of love and compassion. For a better, happier, more stable and civilized future, each of us must develop a sincere, warm-hearted feeling of brother- and sisterhood.

The medicine of altruism

In Tibet we say that many illnesses can be cured by the one medicine of love and compassion. These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and our need for them lies at the very core of our being. Unfortunately, love and compassion have been omitted from too many spheres of social interaction for too long. Usually confined to family and home, their practice in public life is considered impractical, even naive. This is tragic. In my view, the practice of compassion is not just a symptom of unrealistic idealism but the most effective way to pursue the best interests of others as well our own. The more we— as a nation, a group or as individuals—depend upon others, the more it is in our own best interests to ensure their well-being.

Practicing altruism is the real source of compromise and cooperation; merely recognizing our need for harmony is not enough. A mind committed to compassion is like an overflowing reservoir—a constant source of energy, determination and kindness. This mind is like a seed; when cultivated, it gives rise to many other good qualities, such as forgiveness, tolerance, inner strength and the confidence to overcome fear and insecurity. The compassionate mind is like an elixir; it is capable of transforming bad situations into beneficial ones. Therefore we should not limit our expressions of love and compassion to our family and friends. Nor is compassion only the responsibility of clergy, health care and social workers. It is the necessary business of every part of the human community.

Whether a conflict lies in the field of politics, business or religion, an altruistic approach is frequently the sole means of resolving it. Sometimes the very concepts we use to mediate a dispute are themselves the cause of the problem. At such times, when a resolution seems impossible, both sides should recall the basic human nature that unites them. This will help break the impasse and, in the long run, make it easier for everyone to attain their goal. Although neither side may be fully satisfied, if both make concessions, at the very least, the danger of further conflict will be averted. We all know that this form of compromise is the most effective way of solving problems—why, then, do we not use it more often?

When I consider the lack of cooperation in human society, I can only conclude that it stems from ignorance of our interdependent nature. I am often moved by the example of small insects, such as bees. The laws of nature dictate that bees work together in order to survive. As a result, they possess an instinctive sense of social responsibility. They have no constitution, laws, police, religion or moral training, but because of their nature they labor faithfully together. Occasionally they may fight, but in general the whole colony survives on the basis of cooperation. Human beings, on the other hand, have constitutions, vast legal systems and police forces; we have religion, remarkable intelligence and a heart with a great capacity to love. But despite our many extraordinary qualities, in actual practice we lag behind those small insects; in some ways, I feel we are poorer than the bees.

For instance, millions of people live together in large cities all over the world, but despite this proximity, many are lonely. Some do not have even one human being with whom to share their deepest feelings, and live in a state of perpetual agitation. This is very sad. We are not solitary animals that associate only in order to mate. If we were, why would we build large cities and towns? But even though we are social animals compelled to live together, unfortunately, we lack a sense of responsibility towards our fellow humans. Does the fault lie in our social architecture - the basic structures of family and community that support our society? Is it in our external facilities—our machines, science and technology? I do not think so.

I believe that despite the rapid advances made by civilization in this century, the most immediate cause of our present dilemma is our undue emphasis on material development alone. We have become so engrossed in its pursuit that, without even knowing it, we have neglected to foster the most basic human needs of love, kindness, cooperation and caring. If we do not know someone or find another reason for not feeling connected with a particular individual or group, we simply ignore them. But the development of human society is based entirely on people helping each other. Once we have lost the essential humanity that is our foundation, what is the point of pursuing only material improvement?

To me, it is clear: a genuine sense of responsibility can result only if we develop compassion. Only a spontaneous feeling of empathy for others can really motivate us to act on their behalf. I have explained how to cultivate compassion elsewhere. For the remainder of this short piece, I would like to discuss how our present global situation can be improved by greater reliance on universal responsibility.

Universal responsibility

First, I should mention that I do not believe in creating movements or espousing ideologies. Nor do I like the practice of establishing an organization to promote a particular idea, which implies that one group of people alone is responsible for the attainment of that goal, while everybody else is exempt. In our present circumstances, none of us can afford to assume that somebody else will solve our problems; each of us must take his or her own share of universal responsibility. In this way, as the number of concerned, responsible individuals grows, tens, hundreds, thousands or even hundreds of thousands of such people will greatly improve the general atmosphere. Positive change does not come quickly and demands ongoing effort. If we become discouraged we may not attain even the simplest goals. With constant, determined application, we can accomplish even the most difficult objectives.

Adopting an attitude of universal responsibility is essentially a personal matter. The real test of compassion is not what we say in abstract discussions but how we conduct ourselves in daily life. Still, certain fundamental views are basic to the practice of altruism.

Though no system of government is perfect, democracy is that which is closest to humanity's essential nature. Hence those of us who enjoy it must continue to fight for all people's right to do so. Furthermore, democracy is the only stable foundation upon which a global political structure can be built. To work as one, we must respect the right of all peoples and nations to maintain their own distinctive character and values.

In particular, a tremendous effort will be required to bring compassion into the realm of international business. Economic inequality, especially that between developed and developing nations, remains the greatest source of suffering on this planet. Even though they will lose money in the short term, large multinational corporations must curtail their exploitation of poor nations. Tapping the few precious resources such countries possess simply to fuel consumerism in the developed world is disastrous; if it continues unchecked, eventually we shall all suffer. Strengthening weak, undiversified economies is a far wiser policy for promoting both political and economic stability. As idealistic as it may sound, altruism, not just competition and the desire for wealth, should be a driving force in business.

We also need to renew our commitment to human values in the field of modern science. Though the main purpose of science is to learn more about reality, another of its goals is to improve the quality of life. Without altruistic motivation, scientists cannot distinguish between beneficial technologies and the merely expedient. The environmental damage surrounding us is the most obvious example of the result of this confusion, but proper motivation may be even more relevant in governing how we handle the extraordinary new array of biological techniques with which we can now manipulate the subtle structures of life itself. If we do not base our every action on an ethical foundation, we run the risk of inflicting terrible harm on the delicate matrix of life.

Nor are the religions of the world exempt from this responsibility The purpose of religion is not to build beautiful churches or temples, but to cultivate positive human qualities such as tolerance generosity and love. Every world religion, no matter what its philosophical view, is founded first and foremost on the precept that we must reduce our selfishness and serve others. Unfortunately, sometimes religion itself causes more quarrels than it solves. Practitioners of different faiths should realize that each religious tradition has immense intrinsic value and the means for providing mental and spiritual health. One religion, like a single type of food, cannot satisfy everybody. According to their varying mental dispositions, some people benefit from one kind of teaching, others from another. Each faith has the ability to produce fine, warmhearted people and despite their espousal of often contradictory philosophies, all religions have succeeded in doing so. Thus there is no reason to engage in divisive religious bigotry and intolerance, and every reason to cherish and respect all forms of spiritual practice.

Certainly, the most important field in which to sow the seeds of greater altruism is international relations. In the past few years the world has changed dramatically. I think we would all agree that the end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have ushered in a new historical era. As we move through the 1990s it would seem that human experience in the twentieth century has come full circle.

This has been the most painful period in human history, a time when, because of the vast increase in the destructive power of weapons, more people have suffered from and died by violence than ever before. Furthermore, we have also witnessed an almost terminal competition between the fundamental ideologies that have always torn the human community: force and raw power on the one hand, and freedom, pluralism, individual rights and democracy on the other. I believe that the results of this great competition are now clear. Though the good human spirit of peace, freedom and democracy still faces many forms of tyranny and evil, it is nevertheless an unmistakable fact that the vast majority of people everywhere want it to triumph. Thus the tragedies of our time have not been entirely without benefit, and have in many cases been the very means by which the human mind has been opened. The collapse of communism demonstrates this.

Although communism espoused many noble ideals, including altruism, the attempt by its governing elites to dictate their views has proved disastrous. These governments went to tremendous lengths to control the entire flow of information through their societies and to structure their education systems so that their citizens would work for the common good. Although rigid organization may have been necessary in the beginning to destroy previously oppressive regimes, once that goal was fulfilled, the organization had very little to contribute towards building a useful human community. Communism failed utterly because it relied on force to promote its beliefs. Ultimately, human nature was unable to sustain the suffering it produced.

Brute force, no matter how strongly applied, can never subdue the basic human desire for freedom. The hundreds of thousands of people who marched in the cities of Eastern Europe proved this. They simply expressed the human need for freedom and democracy. It was very moving. Their demands had nothing whatsoever to do with some new ideology; these people simply spoke from their hearts, sharing their desire for freedom, demonstrating that it stems from the core of human nature. Freedom, in fact, is the very source of creativity for both individuals and society. It is not enough, as communist systems have assumed, merely to provide people with food, shelter and clothing. If we have all these things but lack the precious air of liberty to sustain our deeper nature, we are only half human; we are like animals who are content just to satisfy their physical needs.

I feel that the peaceful revolutions in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have taught us many great lessons. One is the value of truth. People do not like to be bullied, cheated or lied to by either an individual or a system. Such acts are contrary to the essential human spirit. Therefore, even though those who practice deception and use force may achieve considerable short-term success, eventually they will be overthrown.

On the other hand, everyone appreciates truth, and respect for it is really in our blood. Truth is the best guarantor and the real foundation of freedom and democracy. It does not matter whether you are weak or strong or whether your cause has many or few adherents, truth will still prevail. The fact that the successful freedom movements of 1989 and after have been based on the true expression of people's most basic feelings is a valuable reminder that truth itself is still seriously lacking in much of our political life. Especially in the conduct of international relations we pay very little respect to truth. Inevitably, weaker nations are manipulated and oppressed by stronger ones, just as the weaker sections of most societies suffer at the hands of the more affluent and powerful. Though in the past, the simple expression of truth has usually been dismissed as unrealistic, these last few years have proved that it is an immense force in the human mind and, as a result, in the shaping of history.

A second great lesson from Eastern Europe has been that of peaceful change. In the past, enslaved peoples often resorted to violence in their struggle to be free. Now, following in the footsteps of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., these peaceful revolutions offer future generations a wonderful example of successful, nonviolent change. When in the future major changes in society again become necessary, our descendants will be able to look back on the present time as a paradigm of peaceful struggle, a real success story of unprecedented scale, involving more than a dozen nations and hundreds of millions of people. Moreover, recent events have shown that the desire for both peace and freedom lies at the most fundamental level of human nature and that violence is its complete antithesis.

Before considering what kind of global order would serve us best in the post-Cold War period, I think it is vital to address the question of violence, whose elimination at every level is the necessary foundation for world peace and the ultimate goal of any international order.

Nonviolence and international order

Every day the media reports incidents of terrorism, crime and aggression. I have never been to a country where tragic stories of death and bloodshed did not fill the newspapers and airwaves. Such reporting has become almost an addiction for journalists and their audiences alike. But the overwhelming majority of the human race does not behave destructively; very few of the five billion people on this planet actually commit acts of violence. Most of us prefer to be as peaceful as possible.

Basically, we all cherish tranquility, even those of us given to violence. For instance, when spring comes, the days grow longer, there is more sunshine, the grass and trees come alive and everything is very fresh. People feel happy. In autumn, one leaf falls, then another, then all the beautiful flowers die until we are surrounded by bare, naked plants. We do not feel so joyful. Why is this? Because deep down, we desire constructive, fruitful growth and dislike things collapsing, dying or being destroyed. Every destructive action goes against our basic nature; building, being constructive is the human way.

I am sure everybody agrees that we need to overcome violence, but if we are to eliminate it completely, we should first analyze whether or not it has any value.

If we address this question from a strictly practical perspective, we find that on certain occasions violence indeed appears useful. One can solve a problem quickly with force. At the same time, however, such success is often at the expense of the rights and welfare of others. As a result, even though one problem has been solved, the seed of another has been planted.

On the other hand, if one's cause is supported by sound reasoning, there is no point in using violence. It is those who have no motive other than selfish desire and who cannot achieve their goal through logical reasoning who rely on force. Even when family and friends disagree, those with valid reasons can cite them one after the other and argue their case point by point, whereas those with little rational support soon fall prey to anger: Thus anger is not a sign of strength but one of weakness.

Ultimately, it is important to examine one's own motivation and that of one's opponent. There are many kinds of violence and nonviolence, but one cannot distinguish them from external factors alone. If one's motivation is negative, the action it produces is, in the deepest sense, violent, even though it may appear to be smooth and gentle. Conversely, if one's motivation is sincere and positive but the circumstances require harsh behavior, essentially one is practicing nonviolence. No matter what the case may be, I feel that a compassionate concern for the benefit of others—not simply for oneself—is the sole justification for the use of force.

The genuine practice of nonviolence is still somewhat experimental on our planet, but its pursuit, based on love and understanding, is sacred. If this experiment succeeds, it can open the way to a far more peaceful world in the next century.

I have heard the occasional Westerner maintain that long-term Gandhian struggles employing nonviolent passive resistance do not suit everybody and that such courses of action are more natural in the East. Because Westerners are active, they tend to seek immediate results in all situations, even at the cost of their lives. This approach, I believe, is not always beneficial. But surely the practice of nonviolence suits us all. It simply calls for determination. Even though the freedom movements of Eastern Europe reached their goals quickly, nonviolent protest by its very nature usually requires patience.

In this regard, I pray that despite the brutality of their suppression and the difficulty of the struggle they face, those involved in China's democracy movement will always remain peaceful. I am confident they will. Although the majority of the young Chinese students involved were born and raised under an especially harsh form of communism, during the spring of 1989 they spontaneously practiced Mahatma Gandhi's strategy of passive resistance. This is remarkable and clearly shows that ultimately all human beings want to pursue the path of peace, no matter how much they have been indoctrinated.

The reality of war

Of course, war and the large military establishments are the greatest sources of violence in the world. Whether their purpose is defensive or offensive, these vast powerful organizations exist solely to kill human beings. We should think carefully about the reality of war. Most of us have been conditioned to regard military combat as exciting and glamorous—an opportunity for men to prove their competence and courage. Since armies are legal, we feel that war is acceptable; in general, nobody feels that war is criminal or that accepting it is a criminal attitude. In fact, we have been brainwashed. War is neither glamorous nor attractive. It is monstrous. Its very nature is one of tragedy and suffering.

War is like a fire in the human community, one whose fuel is living beings. I find this analogy especially appropriate and useful. Modem warfare is waged primarily with different forms of fire, but we are so conditioned to see it as thrilling that we talk about this or that marvelous weapon as a remarkable piece of technology without remembering that, if it is actually used, it will burn living people. War also strongly resembles a fire in the way it spreads. If one area gets weak, the commanding officer sends in reinforcements. This is like throwing live people onto a fire. But because we have been brainwashed to think this way, we do not consider the suffering of individual soldiers. No soldier wants to be wounded or die; none of his loved ones wants any harm to come to him. If one soldier is killed, or maimed for life, at least another five or ten people—his relatives and friends suffer as well. We should all be horrified by the extent of this tragedy, but we are too confused.

Frankly, as a child, I too was attracted to the military. Their uniforms looked so smart and beautiful. But that is exactly how the seduction begins. Children start playing games that will one day lead them into trouble. There are plenty of exciting games to play and costumes to wear other than those based on the killing of human beings. Again, if we as adults were not so fascinated by war, we would clearly see that to allow our children to become habituated to war games is extremely unfortunate. Some former soldiers have told me that when they shot their first person they felt uncomfortable but as they continued to kill it began to feel quite normal. In time, we can get used to anything.

It is not only during times of war that military establishments are destructive By their very design, they are the single greatest violators of human rights, and it is the soldiers themselves who suffer most consistently from their abuse. After the officers in charge have given beautiful explanations about the importance of the army, its discipline and the need to conquer the enemy, the rights of the great mass of soldiers are almost entirely taken away. They are then compelled to forfeit their individual will, and, in the end, to sacrifice their lives. Moreover, once an army has become a powerful force, there is every risk that it will destroy the happiness of its own country.

There are people with destructive intentions in every society, and the temptation to gain command over an organization capable of fulfilling their desires can become overwhelming. But no matter how malevolent or evil are the many murderous dictators who currently oppress their nations and cause international problems, it is obvious that they cannot harm others or destroy countless human lives if they don't have a military organization accepted and condoned by society. As long as there are powerful armies there will always be the danger of dictatorship. If we really believe dictatorship to be a despicable and destructive form of government, then we must recognize that the existence of a powerful military establishment is one of its main causes.

Militarism is also very expensive. Pursuing peace through military strength places a tremendously wasteful burden on society. Governments spend vast sums on increasingly intricate weapons when, in fact, nobody really wants to use them. Not only money but also valuable energy and human intelligence are squandered, while all that increases is fear.

I want to make it clear, however, that although I am deeply opposed to war, I am not advocating appeasement. It is often necessary to take a strong stand to counter unjust aggression. For instance, it is plain to all of us that the Second World War was entirely justified. It "saved civilization" from the tyranny of Nazi Germany, as Winston Churchill so aptly put it. In my view, the Korean War was also just, since it gave South Korea the chance of gradually developing a democracy. But we can only judge whether or not a conflict was vindicated on moral grounds with hindsight. For example, we can now see that during the Cold War, the principle of nuclear deterrence had a certain value. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to assess all such matters with any degree of accuracy. War is violence and violence is unpredictable. Therefore, it is far better to avoid it if possible, and never to presume that we know beforehand whether the outcome of a particular war will be beneficial or not.

For instance, in the case of the Cold War, though deterrence may have helped promote stability, it did not create genuine peace. The last forty years in Europe have seen merely the absence of war, which has not been real peace but a facsimile founded on fear. At best, building arms to maintain peace serves only as a temporary measure. As long as adversaries do not trust each other, any number of factors can upset the balance of power. Lasting peace can be secured only on the basis of genuine trust.

Disarmament for world peace

Throughout history, mankind has pursued peace one way or another. Is it too optimistic to imagine that world peace may finally be within our grasp? I do not believe that there has been an increase in the amount of people's hatred, only in their ability to manifest it in vastly destructive weapons. On the other hand, bearing witness to the tragic evidence of the mass slaughter caused by such weapons in our century has given us the opportunity to control war. To do so, it is clear we must disarm.

Disarmament can occur only within the context of new political and economic relationships. Before we consider this issue in detail, it is worth imagining the kind of peace process from which we would benefit most. This is fairly self-evident. First we should work on eliminating nuclear weapons, next, biological and chemical ones, then offensive arms, and, finally, defensive ones. At the same time, to safeguard the peace, we should start developing in one or more global regions an international police force made up of an equal number of members from each nation under a collective command. Eventually this force would cover the whole world.

Because the dual process of disarmament and development of a joint force would be both multilateral and democratic, the right of the majority to criticize or even intervene in the event of one nation violating the basic rules would be ensured. Moreover, with all large armies eliminated and all conflicts such as border disputes subject to the control of the joint international force, large and small nations would be truly equal. Such reforms would result in a stable international environment.

Of course, the immense financial dividend reaped from the cessation of arms production would also provide a fantastic windfall for global development. Today the nations of the world spend trillions of dollars annually on upkeep of the military. Can you imagine how many hospital beds, schools and homes this money could fund? In addition, as I mentioned above, the awesome proportion of scarce resources squandered on military development not only prevents the elimination of poverty, illiteracy and disease, but also requires the sacrifice of precious human intelligence. Our scientists are extremely bright. Why should their brilliance be wasted on such dreadful endeavors when it could be used for positive global development?

The great deserts of the world such as the Sahara and the Gobi could be cultivated to increase food production and ease overcrowding. Many countries now face years of severe drought. New, less expensive methods of desalinization could be developed to render sea water suitable for human consumption and other uses. There are many pressing issues in the fields of energy and health to which our scientists could more usefully address themselves. Since the world economy would grow more rapidly as a result of their efforts, they could even be paid more! Our planet is blessed with vast natural treasures. If we use them properly, beginning with the elimination of militarism and war, truly every human being will be able to live a wealthy well-cared for life.

Naturally global peace cannot occur all at once. Since conditions around the world are so varied, its spread will have to be incremental. But there is no reason why it cannot begin in one region and then spread gradually from one continent to another.

I would like to propose that regional communities like the European Community be established as an integral part of the more peaceful world we are trying to create. Looking at the post-Cold War environment objectively, such communities are plainly the most natural and desirable components of a new world order. As we can see, the almost gravitational pull of our growing interdependence necessitates new, more cooperative structures. The European Community is pioneering the way in this endeavor, negotiating the delicate balance between economic, military and political collectivity on the one hand and the sovereign rights of member states on the other. I am greatly inspired by this work. I also believe that the new Commonwealth of Independent States is grappling with similar issues and that the seeds of such a community are already present in the minds of many of its constituent republics. In this context, I would briefly like to talk about the future of both my own country, Tibet, and China.

Like the former Soviet Union, Communist China is a multinational state, artificially constructed under the impetus of an expansionist ideology and up to now administered by force in colonial fashion. A peaceful, prosperous and above all politically stable future for China lies in its successfully fulfilling not only its own people's wishes for a more open, democratic system, but also those of its eighty million so-called "national minorities" who want to regain their freedom. For real happiness to return to the heart of Asia— home to one-fifth of the human race—a pluralistic, democratic, mutually cooperative community of sovereign states must replace what is currently called the People's Republic of China. Of course, such a community need not be limited to those presently under Chinese Communist domination, such as Tibetans, Mongols and Urghurs. The people of Hong Kong, those seeking an independent Taiwan, and even those suffering under other communist governments in North Korea, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia might also be interested in building an Asian Community. However, it is especially urgent that those ruled by the Chinese Communists consider doing so. Properly pursued, it could help save China from violent dissolution, regionalism and a return to the chaotic turmoil that has so afflicted this great nation throughout the twentieth century. Currently China's political life is so polarized that there is every reason to fear an early recurrence of bloodshed and tragedy. Each of us—every member of the world community—has a moral responsibility to help avert the immense suffering that civil strife would bring to China's vast population.

I believe that the very process of dialogue, moderation and compromise involved in building a community of Asian states would itself give real hope of peaceful evolution to a new order in China. From the very start, the member states of such a community might agree to decide its defense and international relations policies together. There would be many opportunities for cooperation. The critical point is that we find a peaceful, nonviolent way for the forces of freedom, democracy and moderation to emerge successfully from the current atmosphere of unjust repression.

Zones of peace

I see Tibet's role in such an Asian Community as what I have previously called a "Zone of Peace": a neutral, demilitarized sanctuary where weapons are forbidden and the people live in harmony with nature. This is not merely a dream—it is precisely the way Tibetans tried to live for over a thousand years before our country was invaded. As everybody knows, in Tibet all forms of wildlife were strictly protected in accordance with Buddhist principles. Also, for at least the last three hundred years, we had no proper army. Tibet gave up the waging of war as an instrument of national policy in the sixth and seventh centuries, after the reign of our three great religious kings.

Returning to the relationship between developing regional communities and the task of disarmament, I would like to suggest that the "heart" of each community could be one or more nations that have decided to become zones of peace, areas from which military forces are prohibited. This, again, is not just a dream. Four decades ago, in December 1948, Costa Rica disbanded its army. Recently, 37 percent of the Swiss population voted to disband their military. The new government of Czechoslovakia has decided to stop the manufacture and export of all weapons. If its people so choose, a nation can take radical steps to change its very nature.

Zones of peace within regional communities would serve as oases of stability. While paying their fair share of the costs of any collective force created by the community as a whole, these zones of peace would be the forerunners and beacons of an entirely peaceful world and would be exempt from engaging in any conflict. If regional communities do develop in Asia, South America and Africa and disarmament progresses so that an international force from all regions is created, these zones of peace will be able to expand, spreading tranquillity as they grow.

We do not need to think that we are planning for the far distant future when we consider this or any other proposal for a new, more politically, economically and militarily cooperative world. For instance, the newly invigorated forty-eight member Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe has already laid the foundation for an alliance between not only the nations of Eastern and Western Europe but also between the nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the United States. These remarkable events have virtually eliminated the danger of a major war between these two superpowers.

I have not included the United Nations in this discussion of the present era because both its critical role in helping create a better world and its great potential for doing so are so well known. By definition, the United Nations must be in the very middle of whatever major changes occur. However, it may need to amend its structure for the future. I have always had the greatest hopes for the United Nations, and with no criticism intended, I would like simply to point out that the post-World War II climate under which its charter was conceived has changed. With that change has come the opportunity to further democratize the UN, especially the somewhat exclusive Security Council with its five permanent members, which should be made more representative.

In conclusion

I would like to conclude by stating that, in general, I feel optimistic about the future. Some recent trends portend our great potential for a better world. As late as the fifties and sixties, people believed that war was an inevitable condition of mankind. The Cold War, in particular, reinforced the notion that opposing political systems could only clash, not compete or even collaborate. Few now hold this view. Today, people all over the planet are genuinely concerned about world peace. They are far less interested in propounding ideology and far more committed to coexistence. These are very positive developments.

Also, for thousands of years people believed that only an authoritarian organization employing rigid disciplinary methods could govern human society. However, people have an innate desire for freedom and democracy, and these two forces have been in conflict. Today, it is clear which has won. The emergence of non violent "people's power" movements have shown indisputably that the human race can neither tolerate nor function properly under the rule of tyranny. This recognition represents remarkable progress.

Another hopeful development is the growing compatibility between science and religion. Throughout the nineteenth century and for much of our own, people have been profoundly confused by the conflict between these apparently contradictory world views. Today, physics, biology and psychology have reached such sophisticated levels that many researchers are starting to ask the most profound questions about the ultimate nature of the universe and life, the same questions that are of prime interest to religions. Thus there is real potential for a more unified view. In particular, it seems that a new concept of mind and matter is emerging. The East has been more concerned with understanding the mind, the West with understanding matter. Now that the two have met, these spiritual and material views of life may become more harmonized.

The rapid changes in our attitude towards the earth are also a source of hope. As recently as ten or fifteen years ago, we thoughtlessly consumed its resources, as if there was no end to them. Now, not only individuals but governments as well are seeking a new ecological order. I often joke that the moon and stars look beautiful, but if any of us tried to live on them, we would be miserable. This blue planet of ours is the most delightful habitat we know. Its life is our life; its future, our future. And though I do not believe that the Earth itself is a sentient being, it does indeed act as our mother, and, like children, we are dependent upon her. Now mother nature is telling us to cooperate. In the face of such global problems as the greenhouse effect and the deterioration of the ozone layer, individual organizations and single nations are helpless. Unless we all work together, no solution will be found. Our mother is teaching us a lesson in universal responsibility.

I think we can say that, because of the lessons we have begun to learn, the next century will be friendlier, more harmonious, and less harmful. Compassion, the seed of peace, will be able to flourish. I am very hopeful. At the same time, I believe that every individual has a responsibility to help guide our global family in the right direction. Good wishes alone are not enough; we have to assume responsibility. Large human movements spring from individual human initiatives. If you feel that you cannot have much of an effect, the next person may also become discouraged and a great opportunity will have been lost. On the other hand, each of us can inspire others simply by working to develop our own altruistic motivation.

I am sure that many honest, sincere people all over the world already hold the views that I have mentioned here. Unfortunately, nobody listens to them. Although my voice may go unheeded as well, I thought that I should try to speak on their behalf. Of course, some people may feel that it is very presumptuous for the Dalai Lama to write in this way. But, since I received the Nobel Peace Prize, I feel I have a responsibility to do so. If I just took the Nobel money and spent it however I liked, it would look as if the only reason I had spoken all those nice words in the past was to get this prize! However, now that I have received it, I must repay the honor by continuing to advocate the views that I have always expressed.

I, for one, truly believe that individuals can make a difference in society. Since periods of great change such as the present one come so rarely in human history, it is up to each of us to make the best use of our time to help create a happier world.


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The publishers would like to thank the many kind people who sent donations towards the printing of this booklet.

First printed in India 1990
Revised version edited to reflect current political realities published 1992
Reprinted August 1992

Estratto dal libro
Capitolo: Un’unica famiglia umana

Sia che ci piaccia o no, siamo tutti nati su questa terra come parte di una grande famiglia umana. Ricchi o poveri, istruiti o incolti, cittadini di una nazione o di un’altra, seguaci di questa o di quell’altra religione, di una ideologia o di un’altra, in definitiva ciascuno di noi è semplicemente un essere umano come tutti gli altri: tutti noi desideriamo essere felici e tutti non vogliamo soffrire. Inoltre, ciascuno di noi possiede un eguale diritto di realizzare questi scopi.

Nel mondo odierno è necessario accettare l’essenziale unità dell’umanità. Nel passato, le comunità isolate potevano permettersi di considerarsi fondamentalmente separate le une dalle altre ed esistevano pure in condizioni di totale isolamento. Oggigiorno, tuttavia, ciò che succede in una parte del mondo in definitiva influenza l’intero pianeta. Perciò dobbiamo trattare ogni maggiore problema locale, sin dal suo verificarsi, come una questione che riguarda il mondo intero. Non possiamo più sostenere le divisioni nazionali, razziali o ideologiche che ci separano senza ripercussioni disastrose. Nel contesto della nostra nuova interdipendenza, considerare gli interessi degli altri chiaramente è il modo migliore di perseguire i nostri interessi.

Ritengo questo fatto una fonte di speranza. La necessità di cooperazione può solo rafforzare il genere umano, perché ci aiuta a riconoscere che la base più solida per un nuovo ordine mondiale non è semplicemente fatta di più ampie alleanze politiche o economiche, ma piuttosto dalla sincera pratica di amore e compassione di ciascun individuo. Per un futuro migliore, più felice, più stabile e più civilizzato, ognuno di noi deve sviluppare un genuino sentimento di fratellanza, pieno di calore umano.





La medicina dell’altruismo



In Tibet diciamo che si possono curare molte malattie con la medicina dell’amore e della compassione. Queste qualità sono la fonte definitiva della felicità umana, e il bisogno di tali sentimenti risiede nel profondo del nostro cuore. Sfortunatamente, l’amore e la compassione sono stati omessi, troppo a lungo, da troppe sfere di interazione sociale. La loro pratica, solitamente relegata in casa e in famiglia, nella vita pubblica viene considerata impraticabile, se non indice di ingenuità. Questo è un fatto tragico. Secondo la mia opinione, la pratica della compassione non è solo un sintomo di irrealistico idealismo ma è il modo migliore e più efficace per prendersi a cuore gli interessi degli altri e allo stesso tempo i nostri. Più noi, come nazione, come gruppo o come individui – dipendiamo dagli altri, maggiore sarà il nostro interesse e guadagno nell’assicurare il loro benessere.

Praticare l’altruismo è la vera causa della soluzione dei problemi e della cooperazione; unicamente riconoscere il nostro bisogno di armonia non è sufficiente. Una mente impegnata nella compassione è come un bacino che trabocca – una fonte costante di energia, di determinazione e di gentilezza. La mente è come un seme; quando la si coltiva, da origine a molte altre qualità positive, come la clemenza, la tolleranza, la forza interiore e la fiducia nel vincere la paura e l’insicurezza. La mente compassionevole è come un elisir; è in grado di trasformare situazioni negative in fonti di beneficio. Quindi, non dovremmo limitare le nostre manifestazioni di amore e di compassione alla nostra famiglia o ai nostri amici. E la compassione non è solo una responsabilità del clero, degli operatori sanitari o degli assistenti sociali. E’ un compito necessario per ogni membro della comunità umana.

Un approccio altruistico è spesso l’unico mezzo per risolvere ogni conflitto, sia in politica che negli affari o nella religione. Alle volte proprio i concetti che usiamo per mediare una disputa sono di per se stessi la causa del problema. In queste occasioni, quando una soluzione sembra impossibile, entrambe le parti dovrebbero ricordarsi della fondamentale natura umana che li accumuna. Questo aiuterà a risolvere il punto morto e, alla lunga distanza, tutti potranno raggiungere più facilmente il proprio scopo. Sebbene nessuna delle parti in causa potrà dirsi completamente soddisfatta, se ambedue fanno delle concessioni, almeno si allontanerà il pericolo di ulteriori conflitti. Sappiamo tutti che questa forma di compromesso è il modo più efficace per risolvere i problemi – perché, allora, non lo mettiamo in opera più spesso?

Penso che la mancanza di cooperazione della società umana sia causata dall’ignorare la nostra natura interdipendente. Spesso mi commuovo osservando l’esempio di piccoli insetti, come le api. Le leggi della natura impongono alle api di lavorare insieme per sopravvivere. Come ruisultato esse possiedono un istintivo senso di responsabilità sociale. Non possiedono alcuna costituzione, nè leggi, nè polizia, nè religione o istruzione morale, tuttavia per loro natura lavorano lealmente insieme. A volte possono anche battersi, ma in generale l’intera colonia sopravvive per merito della cooperazione. Gli esseri umani, al contrario, hanno le costituzioni, le leggi, vasti apparati legali e forze di polizia; abbiamo le religioni, una notevole intelligenza e un cuore con una grande capacità di amare, però, malgrado le nostre varie e straordinarie capacità, nell’effettiva pratica spesso ci facciamo superare da questi piccoli insetti; in alcune situazioni penso che siamo inferiori alle api.

Per esempio, milioni di persone vivono insieme nelle grandi città della terra ma molti si sentono soli, nonostante siano così vicini l’uno all’altro. Alcuni non hanno neppure un essere umano a cui confidare i loro sentimenti più profondi, e vivono in uno stato di perpetua agitazione. Questo è molto triste. Non siamo animali solitari che si associano solo per accoppiarsi. Se fosse così, perché mai costruiremmo città così grandi? Tuttavia, anche se siamo animali sociali che preferiscono vivere insieme, sfortunatamente siamo privi del senso di responsabilità verso i nostri simili. Forse è colpa della nostra architettura sociale – le fondamentali strutture della famiglia e della comunità che sostengono la nostra società? O forse delle comodità e dei mezzi esteriori – le nostre macchine, la scienza e la tecnologia? Non penso si tratti di questo.

Io credo che malgrado il rapido progresso della civilizzazione in questo secolo, la causa più immediata del nostro presente dilemma sia l’eccessiva importanza che diamo al solo progresso materiale. Ci siamo votati alla sua ricerca a tal punto che, senza saperlo, ci siamo dimenticati di coltivare i bisogni umani più fondamentali, come l’amore, la gentilezza, la cooperazione e l’attenzione alle necessità altrui. Se non conosciamo qualcuno o troviamo qualsiasi motivo per non sentirci vicini a un particolare individuo o a un determinato gruppo, semplicemente li ignoriamo. Ma lo sviluppo della società umana si fonda interamente sull’aiuto reciproco. Se perdiamo la nostra essenziale umanità, a cosa servirà correr dietro al solo progresso materiale?

Secondo la mia opinione, una cosa è certa: un sincero sentimento di responsabilità è possibile solo se sviluppiamo la compassione. Solo uno spontaneo sentimento di solidarietà per tutti i nostri simili altri può realmente motivarci ad agire per il loro bene. Ho spiegato altrove come coltivare la compassione. Per il resto di questa breve esposizione, vorrei parlare di come possiamo migliorare l’odierna situazione mondiale facendo crescere sempre più il senso di responsabilità universale/



Responsabilità Universale



Per prima cosa, non credo che la soluzione stia nel creare un movimento o nell’abbracciare una ideologia. E neppure approvo la pratica di fondare un’organizzazione per promuovere una particolare idea, perché il fatto implica che solo un’unico gruppo di persone ha la responsabilità di conseguire la meta prefissata, mentre tutti gli altri se ne lavano le mani. Al giorno d’oggi, nessuno può permettersi di pensare che qualcun altro risolverà i nostri problemi; ciascuno di noi deve assumersi la propria parte di responsabilità universale. In questo modo, quando aumenterà il numero di persone impegnate e responsabili, decine, centinaia, migliaia o persino centinaia di migliaia di simili persone miglioreranno in modo sensibile l’atmosfera generale. I cambiamenti positivi non si verificano rapidamente e richiedono uno sforzo continuo. Se ci faremo prendere dallo sconforto non otterremo neppure il più piccolo successo, ma con una applicazione costante e determinata potremo realizzare gli obbiettivi più difficili.

Mettere in atto la responsabilità universale è essenzialmente una questione personale. La reale verifica della compassione non è ciò che affermiamo in discussioni astratte, bensì ciò che facciamo nella vita di ogni giorno. In ogni caso il fondamento della pratica dell’altruismo risiede in alcuni princìpi basilari.

Sebbene non esista una forma di governo esente da difetti, la democrazia è quella che più si avvicina all’essenziale natura dell’essere umano. Quindi, tutti quelli che ne godono i benefici devono continuare a lottare affinché tutti i popoli abbiano diritto alla democrazia. Inoltre, la democrazia è l’unica base stabile su cui si possa edificare una struttura politica planetaria. Per creare una simile struttura e per farla operare, dobbiamo rispettare il diritto di tutti i popoli e di tutte le nazioni di mantenere le proprie distinte caratteristiche e i propri valori.

In particolare, servirà uno sforzo tremendo per portare la compassione nel campo degli affari internazionali. La disparità economica, specialmente tra nazioni sviluppate e nazioni in via di sviluppo, rimane la più grande fonte di sofferenza di questo pianeta. Le grandi corporazioni multinazionali devono limitare lo sfruttamento delle nazioni povere, anche se all’inizio perderanno del denaro. Sfruttare le poche risorse possedute da queste nazioni unicamente per alimentare il consumismo delle nazioni sviluppate è una condotta disastrosa; se questo processo di sfruttamento rimarrà incontrollato alla fine ne soffriremo tutti. Rafforzare le economie deboli e non diversificate è una politica molto più saggia, per promuovere una stabilità sia politica che economica. Per quanto idealista possa sembrare, l’altruismo, e non solo la competizione e il desiderio di ricchezze, dovrebbe essere la forza portante del mondo degli affari.

Abbiamo anche bisogno di rinnovare il nostro impegno per i valori umani, nel campo delle scienze moderne. Sebbene il compito principale della scienza sia quello di apprendere la realtà, migliorare la qualità della vita è un’altro dei suoi fini. Senza una motivazione che tenga conto del benessere di tutti, gli scienziati non possono distinguere le tecnologie benefiche da quelle semplicemente utilitaristiche. Il danno ambientale che ci circonda è l’esempio più ovvio di questa confusione, ma una giusta motivazione può essere ancora più importante nel governare il nostro modo di gestire lo straordinario schieramento di nuove tecniche biologiche con le quali oggi possiamo manipolare le sottili strutture della vita. Se non basiamo ogni nostra azione su di un fondamento etico, corriamo il rischio di infliggere danni terribili alla delicata matrice della vita.

Neppure le religioni del mondo sono esenti da questa responsabilità. Lo scopo delle religioni non è quello di costruire chiese o templi meravigliosi, ma quello di coltivare le positive qualità umane come la tolleranza, la generosità e l’amore. Ogni religione del mondo, non importa quale sia la sua visione filosofica, si fonda in primis sul precetto fondamentale che ci esorta a ridurre il nostro egoismo e a servire gli altri. Sfortunatamente, in determinate occasioni le stesse religioni fanno sorgere dispute, invece di risolverle. I praticanti di fedi differenti dovrebbero comprendere che ogni tradizione religiosa possiede un immenso valore intrinseco, oltre alla capacità di favorire la salute mentale e spirituale. Una sola religione, come un unico tipo di pietanza, non può soddisfare tutti. A seconda delle diverse predisposizioni mentali, alcune persone traggono beneficio da un certo insegnamento, altre da un altro. Ogni fede ha la capacità di creare persone di buon cuore, e malgrado le loro filosofie, spesso contraddittorie, tutte le religioni hanno avuto successo in questo campo. Quindi non c’è motivo di perseverare nell’intolleranza, nella discordia e nel bigottismo religioso, al contrario: abbiamo tutte le ragioni per rispettare e tenere in alta considerazione ogni forma di pratica spirituale.

Sicuramente, le relazioni internazionali sono il terreno principale in cui piantare i semi di un maggiore altruismo. Negli ultimi anni il mondo è cambiato in modo drammatico. Penso che tutti siamo d’accordo nel ritenere che la fine della Guerra Fredda e la disfatta del Comunismo nell’Europa Orientale ha dato inizio a una nuova era della storia. Mentre scorrono gli anni 90, sembra che l’umanità nel ventesimo secolo abbia compiuto una completo rinnovamento.

Questo è stato il periodo più doloroso della storia umana, in cui, a causa del vasto aumento del potere di distruzione degli armamenti, una grande quantità di persone ha sofferto ed è morta per mano della violenza come mai in passato. Inoltre, siamo stati testimoni di una competizione quasi risolutiva tra le fondamentali ideologie che da sempre hanno diviso la comunità umana: da una parte la forza bruta e il potere e dall’altra la libertà, il pluralismo, i diritti degli individui e la democrazia. Io credo che oggi i risultati di questa grande sfida siano chiari. Sebbene il buon spirito umanitario di pace, di libertà e di democrazia debba ancora affrontare molte forme di tirannia e di malvagità, nonostante ciò è un fatto incontrovertibile che la maggioranza delle persone, in ogni luogo, desidera il suo trionfo. Per cui le tragedie della nostra epoca hanno portato anche dei benefici e in molti casi sono state proprio la causa di una nuova apertura della mente e del pensiero dell’uomo. La fine del comunismo lo dimostra.

Sebbene il comunismo sostenesse numerosi nobili ideali, incluso l’altruismo, i suoi leader sono diventati dei dittatori e hanno tentato di imporre con la forza le proprie vedute, e questo si è rivelato un fallimento. Questi governi hanno fatto grandissimi sforzi per controllare l’intero flusso di informazioni nella loro società, strutturando i loro programmi educativi allo scopo di spingere i cittadini a lavorare per il bene comune. Sebbene all’inizio una rigida e chiusa organizzazione fosse forse indispensabile per distruggere i precedenti regimi di oppressione, una volta raggiunta la meta, la stessa organizzazione ha contribuito ben poco all’edificazione di una nuova società realmente votata al bene comune. Il comunismo ha fallito completamente perché si fondava sull’uso della forza per promuovere il suo credo, e alla fine la natura umana non ha più potuto sopportare i patimenti sofferenza che ne derivavano.

La forza bruta, non importa con quanta fermezza la si applichi, non può mai sconfiggere definitivamente il fondamentale desiderio umano di libertà. Le centinaia di migliaia di persone che hanno marciato nelle città dell’Europa Orientale lo hanno dimostrato. Queste persone hanno semplicemente espresso il loro bisogno di libertà e di democrazia. Le loro richieste non hanno nulla a che fare con qualche nuova ideologia; queste persone hanno semplicemente dato voce al loro cuore, condividendo il loro bisogno di libertà, dimostrando che esso sorge dal profondo della natura umana. La libertà, di fatto, è la vera fonte della creatività, sia per gli individui che per la società. Non è sufficiente, come sostenevano i sistemi comunisti, fornire al popolo unicamente cibo, case e vestiti. Se abbiamo tutte queste cose ma siamo privi dell’aria preziosa della libertà che sostiene la nostra natura più profonda siamo esseri umani solo a metà; siamo come animali, che si accontentano solo di soddisfare i propri bisogni fisici.

Io penso che le rivoluzioni pacifiche dell’Unione Sovietica e dell’Europa Orientale ci abbiano insegnato molte grandi lezioni. Una è la forza della verità. La gente non ama essere tiranneggiata, presa in giro o ingannata, sia da un individuo che da un sistema politico. Queste situazioni sono in contrasto con l’essenza dello spirito umano. Quindi, anche se coloro che usano l’inganno e la forza possono avere un grande successo in breve tempo, alla fine verranno sempre spodestati.

Al contrario, tutti apprezzano la verità, perché il rispetto della verità è qualcosa che abbiamo nel sangue. La verità è il miglior garante ed è il reale fondamento della libertà e della democrazia. Non importa quanto siate deboli o forti, o quanto numerosi siano i sostenitori della vostra causa, la libertà trionferà. Il fatto che il successo dei movimenti libertari del 1989 e degli anni successivi abbia avuto origine dalla genuina espressione dei sentimenti più profondi della gente è un importante ammonimento che ci mostra quanto la verità tutt’ora manchi seriamente in gran parte della nostra vita politica. Specialmente nella conduzione delle relazioni internazionali portiamo ben poco rispetto alla verità. Inevitabilmente, le nazioni più deboli vengono manipolate e oppresse da quelle più forti, proprio come le classi più deboli delle società soffrono per mano di quelle più affluenti e potenti . Sebbene in passato la semplice affermazione della verità sia stata normalmente respinta come irrealistica, questi ultimi anni hanno dimostrato quanto sia enorme la sua forza nella mente umana, e di conseguenza, nel formarsi della storia.

Una seconda grande lezione proveniente dall’Europa Orientale è stata quella della rivoluzione pacifica. Nel passato, i popoli oppressi, nella loro lotta per la libertà, ricorrevano alla violenza. Ora, seguendo i passi del Mahatma Gandhi e di Martin Luther King Jr., queste pacifiche rivoluzioni offrono alle generazioni future un meraviglioso esempio di successo per cambiare senza fare uso della violenza. Quando in futuro saranno necessari ulteriori grandi cambiamenti, i nostri discendenti potranno ripensare a questo periodo come a un esempio di lotta pacifica, un vero successo senza precedenti che ha coinvolto più di dodici nazioni e centinaia di milioni di persone. Inoltre, i recenti avvenimenti hanno confermato che il desiderio di pace e di libertà è una caratteristica fondamentale della natura umana e che la violenza è in sua completa antitesi.

In questi tempi di post-Guerra Fredda, prima di considerare quale tipo di nuovo ordine globale sarebbe adatto per tutti noi, penso sia di importanza vitale esaminare il problema della violenza. La sua eliminazione a ogni livello è il necessario fondamento per la pace mondiale ed è la meta definitiva di ogni ordine internazionale.

Tratto da www.italiatibet.org traduzione di Vicky Sevegnani.

Finché esisterà lo spazio
E finché vi saranno esseri viventi,
Fino ad allora possa io rimanere
Per scacciare la sofferenza dal mondo
Informazioni tratte dal sito ufficiale del governo tibetano in esilio